Borders

"Mitakuye Oyasin" is a Lakota prayer. It means "we are all related" or "all my connections".

We are all related, so there is no difference among people, so need for borders. "Imagine there's no country...", using more famous words. I don't know if it is just a coincidence, but I immediately thought at where the Lakota people live: in the never-ending Great Plains. How can you imagine setting a border in a place like that?

64 days travelling through the Balkans, 18 borders crossed:

1) Italy-Slovenia

2) Slovenia-Croatia

3) Croatia-Hungary

4) Hungary-Croatia

5) Croatia-Serbia

6) Serbia-Bulgaria

7) Bulgaria-Greece

8) Greece-Macedonia

9) Macedonia-Greece

10) Greece-Albania

11) Albania-Montenegro

12) Montenegro-Croatia

13) Croatia-Bosnia and Herzegovina

14) Bosnia and Herzegovina-Croatia

15) Croatia-Bosnia and Herzegovina

16) Bosnia and Herzegovina-Croatia

17) Croatia-Slovenia

18) Slovenia-Italy

Many people asked me how it is to cross a border on a bicycle. The answer is: nothing special. The first time is fun, then it becomes just a matter of showing your ID (Italian citizens don't need passport for any country that I visited, even for those that don't belong to the EU) twice to the Police of both countries on the border. They might ask you where you are going, and nothing more.

A lot of blood was spilled to determine whether a certain border should be in the place it is or a few kilometres away. Borders changed the lives of many people: am I part of a majority or minority? Was I born in the "wrong" place? Lakota people would not understand this, I bet.

Questions:

1) Why do borders exist?

2) Are borders immutable?

While borders have a certain political and administrative function, I think it is everybody's task to question their existence, at least on a "thesis, antithesis, synthesis" base. Thinking that the current borders have always existed, have historical legitimacy and therefore will always exist is just useful propaganda, most of the times. In fact, borders don't exist, if you try to convince yourself of it.

It seems common to all countries to declare their current borders immutable to prevent parts of their territory to secede and declare independence. For example, Article 5 of the Italian Constitution states: "The Republic, one and indivisible, [...]". The United States of America also don't give the right to secede peacefully to parts of its territory, although the 1776 Declaration of Independence would suggest the opposite, when saying that "[...] whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness".

Without aiming at writing a political essay, I just wanted to introduce the topic because I feel that there is too much nationalist crap everywhere in the Balkans (and not only there...). I'm saying it straight just because I started loving the history, the culture and the people who live in this area, and when you love a place you try to understand its past and care about its future.

For nationalists, borders separate "us" from "them". Even though those borders changed several times in the past 100 years, now they can't change anymore, they say. Tradition, culture and language of the homeland must be preserved, apparently.

But seriously, how can people (not politicians, who do it just for their own interest) give so much importance to these fictitious lines?

Any Serb will find happiness when the last Bosniak leaves Republika Srpska?

Any Croatian will find happiness when Vukovar becomes a cyrillic-free city?

Mitakuye oyasin.

Biking through recent History

I had read some things about the Yugoslav Wars before the begin of this trip. After seeing the places with my eyes and hearing stories from people who were actually there in the years of the war, I'll try to write a few impressions about this topic with regard to Croatia and Serbia. If the journey goes as planned, I might visit Bosnian cities of Mostar and Sarajevo on my way back.

(It's not an "easy" topic, so any comment/correction is welcome, as always)

• Vukovar:
  I must start from here. This city is the symbol of the Serbian-Croatian war. I've been told that it was one of the richest city in former Yugoslavia. You might agree that it's true just by looking at the many big factories and industrial buildings that you see if you arrive in the city from the west.
  Then, the war. The population, which was evenly distributed between Serbs and Croats (who had lived together peacefully until then), has dropped from 45.000 to 25.000: many Serbs moved to Novi Sad or Belgrade, many Croatians started a new life in Zagreb, far from bullet-marked houses, mined fields and an atmosphere which is still filled with hate and contrasts between the two ethnical groups. For example, Serb and Croatian kids are in separated classes at school until college. The events of the past are still too recent to be forgotten, the difference is about how people look at them: someone remembers and looks at the future, many other people remember with their heads turned back to the past.
  
  
• Breaking news: my part in the history of Vukovar :)
  I arrived in Vukovar on October 17. On the same day the Prime Minister of Croatia, Mr. Zoran Milanovic, was in the city to talk to the nationalists and to the war veterans about the issue of cyrillic signs, which are to be installed because the Serb minority make up more than 1/3 of the total population of the city. High tension. In the previous days, 2-3 policemen of the special forces had to stand in front of every plaque written in cyrillic alphabet, because of people continuously trying to tear them down (big question: why?). So... this guy (me) who arrives on the bike seems an alien in this place at this time: is he a terrorist who hides a bunch of AK-47 in his panniers and aims at killing the PM? I don't know if they followed me or what, the fact is that the Police called Zoran, my Warmshowers host for the night, to make sure I was actually a normal traveller...
  Weird story, but it exemplifies well how the situation is around there.
  
  
  
  
• My meetings
  A girl whose family escaped from the Croatian part of Baranya because of the war and then returned when it was over. A professor in Vukovar High School who was studying in Novi Sad during the war, having his family in the middle of the conflict. Now the big old house of some of his dead relatives has almost no value, since the city is still under reconstruction and has high unemployment and very little perspectives for the next future.
  
  
• Yugoslavia and Tito: a compendium (trying to simplify complicated things)
  - Yugoslavia as known between 1945-1991 had never been a unique country in history, although some cultural traits are common to the people of the area. Parts of its territory were controlled until WW1 by Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire.
  - Croatians are mainly Catholic, Serbs are mainly Orthodox. In Bosnia and Kosovo there are big percentages of Muslims as well.
  - 1941-1945: Yugoslavia is occupied by the Nazis and other Axis countries. In Croatia there is a satellite fascist government (Ustaša), responsible for killing many Serbs.
  - 1945: Partisans led by Tito send away the occupants. It's the only European country which is not freed by the Allies, thus allowing it to take a Non-Aligned position and a certain independence from the Soviet block in the Cold War. Yugoslavia is organized as a federation, in which the regions are more or less those that now have become independent countries.
  - 1970s: Despite economic difficulties and rising requests for more independence from what has always been considered a Serb-centric nation (see Great Serbia), the country remains in peace until Tito's death in 1980. Tito was a dictator, but he represented at the eyes of most of the population a positive hero and a common symbol of anti-fascism.
  - 1980s: Changed economic balance in Europe (due to USSR's collapse), loosened grip of central government on peripherical regions, contemporary growth of nationalisms in Slovenia, Croatia and Kosovo.
  - 1990s: Breakup of Yugoslavian Communist Party. Referendum on independence in Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia. The former 2 states obtain independence "easily", Croatia and Bosnia fight for it until 1995, when NATO intervention put an end to the conflict.
  In 1999 other NATO intervention in support of Kosovo Albanians against Serbia.
  - 2000s: Montenegro and Kosovo form independent states.
  
  
• Consequences of the above:
  - Presence of nostalgia of Tito.
  - Serbians feel "victims" of US and Western European interests in the area (mainly regarding Kosovo, which they don't recognize as a country): good reason to "use" to raise Serbian pride, nationalism, etc.
  - Relationships among countries and among different ethnic groups in the same country are far from being stable (excluding Slovenia).
  - These problems stop Serbia from entering the EU. Macedonia has quarrels with Greece and Bulgaria as well.
  
  
• As said by a disilluded Serbian guy at the hostel in Belgrade:
  "There are 2 political parties: one of them is the party of the football hooligans (of every team) and of the nationalist idiots, which are often the same thing; the other one is the party of the people with a little bit of brain, but it's mostly made up by idiots anyway."

Preparing the journey: the Balkans [EN] [IT]

40-50 days to go, but the preparation for the journey is still way behind the schedule (not even sure if a schedule exists).

I'm planning to go east first, then south. Slovenia, Croatia, southern Hungary, Serbia, western Romania and Bulgaria, Greece. Then back north towards Macedonia (somebody would prefer FYROM), Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia.

Balkans. A part of Europe which is often looked at with suspicion and judged by stereotypes about its peoples and its recent history. It may be true that some of these little countries recently born again from the ashes of Yugoslavia are far from being important in a political and economical vision of Europe. But it's also true that this area has an astonishing past and a multicultural identity that was unique in Europe until the very recent past.

Travelling might be a lot about looking around, taking pictures, visiting monuments, having fun. And, at the end of the trip, crossing a name from the "Places I have to see" list and look for the next destination. Yet, I believe this is not enough to make a good journey. Travelling is also like studying. If there was a University course in "Travelling", I would imagine it to be a hell of a difficult degree. And, since I'm putting a big effort on this project and I consider it my job for the upcoming year, I believe that reading, studying and finding information on the places I'll visit is the key to look at things with a different spirit and to be able to be a travelling storyteller once on the road.

Right now I'm reading a great history book: The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804-1999, written by Misha Glenny. About 600 pages about the last two centuries in the Balkans, from the time when the peninsula was completely occupied by the Ottoman Empire to the recent wars in Bosnia and Kosovo.

My Erasmus experience confirmed my belief that in every country the History taught at school is way too focused on the "homeland".

Filiki Eteria, Austrian occupation of Bosnia, Osmanlılık, Megali Idea, Greece-Turkey exchange of populations, Non-Aligned Movement, Vukovar massacre... Of course an Italian or a Portuguese could live without knowing these things, but maybe it's also through these "boring" notions that stereotypes can be defeated.

What about literature, music, movies from the Balkans? I start with Underground, film directed by Emir Kusturica with music of Goran Bregovic.
Does anybody have suggestions about movies, book, etc.? Leave a comment here below or on the Facebook page! Shy people are not welcome. :)

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A 40-50 giorni dalla partenza i preparativi sono ancora in alto mare. Dalla prossima settimana però conto di cominciare seriamente, specialmente per quanto riguarda materiali e sponsor.

I primi tre mesi (fino a prima di Natale) saranno dedicati ai Balcani, forse la regione d'Europa meno conosciuta e verso cui noi occidentali abbiamo più pregiudizi. Gli staterelli nati dalle ceneri della Jugoslavia saranno anche insignificanti dal punto di vista politico-economico, ma di sicuro conservano un passato sorprendentemente ricco di culture e commistioni uniche in Europa.

Si può viaggiare guardandosi attorno, scattando foto, divertendosi e visitando musei e monumenti. Alla fine del viaggio poi si barra un nome dalla vista dei "posti da vedere" e si inizia a pensare al viaggio seguente. Ma non sono sicuro che questo basti per godere a pieno dell'esperienza del viaggio. Per me viaggiare alla fine è un po' come studiare. Viaggio soprattutto per imparare e migliorare come individuo, sperando che al ritorno la crescita spirituale che ne deriva possa espandersi a chi mi circonda. La linea verticale non può che precedere quella orizzontale, per dirla alla Seneca.

Spero che le letture e le ricerche che sto facendo in questo periodo possano aiutarmi durante il viaggio a cogliere maggiormente l'essenza delle cose che vedrò e delle conversazioni che farò, in modo da riuscire anche a raccontare l'esperienza vissuta.

The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804-1999, scritto da Misha Glenny, è il libro che sto attualmente leggendo. 600 pagine sugli ultimi due secoli di Storia balcanica, dall'occupazione ottomana alle recenti guerre in Bosnia e Kosovo. Non che io legga libri di Storia molto spesso, ma questo è a dir poco coinvolgente per la quantità di volte che ho pensato "ah, ecco perché..." riguardo a fatti storici o culturali dei paesi balcanici su cui non avevo mai riflettuto.

In Erasmus ho avuto la conferma che in tutti i paesi la Storia insegnata a scuola è molto incentrata sulla propria nazione. Un Italiano può benissimo vivere senza sapere nulla sul nazionalismo greco, sulla guerra greco-turca, sugli Ustascia o su Srebrenica. Può benissimo guardare telegiornali che parlano solo dei "nostri" problemi, leggere giornali con 2-3 pagine su 60 di esteri. Può benissimo pensare che il bosniaco Gavrilo Princip si alza la mattina, tira fuori una pistoletta, pum!, l'Austria dichiara guerra alla Serbia e inizia la Grande Guerra. Capire la Storia straniera però ha come minimo il pregio di rendere ridicoli molti stereotipi...

Non so molto nemmeno di letteratura, musica e cinema dei paesi balcanici. Molto imparerò sulla strada, qualcosa spero di impararlo già prima di partire. Per ora posso citare il film Underground di Emir Kusturica, con colonna sonora di Goran Bregovic.

Qualcuno vuole consigliare altri libri, film, musiche? Lasciate un commento qua sotto o nella pagina Facebook! La timidezza non è gradita. :)